library(tidyverse)
library(tidymodels)
library(palmerpenguins)
library(skimr)
# drop rows with missing values
data("penguins")
<- penguins |>
penguins drop_na(flipper_length_mm, body_mass_g)
Palmer Penguins and regression with a single predictor
In this application exercise we will be studying penguins. The data can be found in the palmerpenguins package and we will use tidyverse and tidymodels for data exploration and modeling, respectively.
Please read the following context and take a skim
of the data set before we get started.
This data set comprising various measurements of three different penguin species, namely Adelie, Gentoo, and Chinstrap. The rigorous study was conducted in the islands of the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. These data were collected from 2007 to 2009 by Dr. Kristen Gorman with the Palmer Station Long Term Ecological Research Program, part of the US Long Term Ecological Research Network. The data set is called
penguins
.
skim(penguins)
Our goal is to understand better how various body measurements and attributes of penguins relate to their body mass. First, we are going to investigate the relationship between a penguins’ flipper lengths and their body masses.
Question: Based on our research focus, which variable is the response variable?
Add response here.
Demo: Visualize the relationship between flipper length and body mass of penguins.
ggplot(data = penguins,
mapping = aes(x = flipper_length_mm, y = body_mass_g)) +
geom_point()
Correlation
- Demo: What is the correlation between flipper length and body mass of penguins?
# option 1
summarize(penguins, r = cor(flipper_length_mm, body_mass_g))
# option 2
cor(penguins$flipper_length_mm, penguins$body_mass_g)
Defining, fitting, and summarizing a model
- Demo: Write the population model below that explains the relationship between body mass and flipper length.
$$
body~mass = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \times flipper~length
$$
\[ body~mass = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \times flipper~length \]
- Demo: Fit the linear regression model and display the results. Write the estimated model output below.
Use tidy()
to print the model output in a readable, tabular format.
<- TODO() |>
bm_fl_fit fit(TODO ~ TODO, data = penguins)
tidy(bm_fl_fit)
\[ \widehat{body~mass} = TODO + TODO \times flipper~length \]
Your turn: Interpret the slope and the intercept in the context of the data.
Intercept:
Slopes:
Your turn: Recreate the visualization from above, this time adding a regression line to the visualization
geom_smooth(method = "lm")
.
ggplot(penguins,
aes(x = flipper_length_mm, y = body_mass_g)) +
geom_point() +
TODO
- Your turn: What is the estimated body mass for a penguin with a flipper length of 210?
Use predict()
to generate predicted values from a fitted model. Provide the new data in a data frame as the new_data
argument.
# add code here
- *Your turn: What is the estimated body mass for a penguin with a flipper length of 100?
# add code here
Another model
Your turn: A different researcher wants to look at body weight of penguins based on the island they were recorded on. How are the variables involved in this analysis different?
Add response here.
Demo: Make an appropriate visualization to investigate this relationship below. Additionally, calculate the mean body mass by island.
Choose a visualization appropriate for a categorical and continuous variable.
# add code here
# add code here
- Demo: Change the geom of your previous plot to
geom_point()
. Use this plot to think about how R models these data.
# add code here
- Your turn: Fit the linear regression model and display the results. Print the estimated model output below.
<- linear_reg() |>
bm_island_fit fit(TODO ~ TODO, data = penguins)
# add code here
Your turn: Interpret each coefficient in context of the problem.
Intercept:
Slopes:
Demo: What is the estimated body weight of a penguin on Biscoe island? What are the estimated body weights of penguins on Dream and Torgersen islands?
predict(bm_island_fit, new_data = tibble(island = c("Biscoe", "Dream", "Torgersen")))